Pacific Model of Health Essay Example

Pacific Model of Health Paper Pacific Islanders health and wellbeing has a holistic approach involving spirituality and environment. As a result of these and other differences, pacific models have been developed. The Pacific people in New Zealand are represented by seven different countries which are Samoa, Cook Island, Tonga, Niue, Tokelau, Fiji and Tuvalu. This essay will describe one of the pacific health models, the Fonofale model, and will also discuss how this model can enhance nursing practice. Moreover, it will attempt to demonstrate the application of the Fonofale model to holistically assess the cultural and clinical needs of a Pacific client. Finally this essay will address the clients health concerns and resilient factors and one concern will be discussed in more detail, reflecting on how the clients cultural beliefs and practices impact on their current health status (Ministry of Health, 2009). The Fonofale model of health is a Samoan model that was created by a psychiatric nurse called Fuimaono Karl Pulotu Endemann. The model is a holistic concept and was developed to explain key features that Paci? c peoples consider important for maintaining good health which included family, culture and spirituality. The model arose after the Dawn raids of the 1970’s in where the Pacific community was a target and over stayers were sent back to the Islands (Manukau Institute of Technology, 2013). The concept of the Samoan fale or meeting house was a way to incorporate and portray a Pacific way of what was important to the cultural groups. In the Fonofale model, cultural values and beliefs are seen as a shelter (the roof) – this may include traditional methods of healing and western treatments. Family forms the foundation or the floor of the fale. This may be the nuclear and/or the extended family and is significant to ones health. We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Model of Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Model of Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pacific Model of Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Connecting culture and family are the four pou or posts. ‘Spirituality’ includes christianity, religion or traditional spirituality. The ‘Physical’ pou relates to the physical and biological well being of the person. ‘Mental’ relates to the health of the mind which involves thinking, emotions and expressed behaviours. The fourth pou ‘Other’ refers to factors that can directly or indirectly affect health, such as gender, age, social class, employment, education and sexual orientation. Surrounding the outside of the fale is environment, time and context. Environment addresses the relationships and uniqueness of Pacific people to their physical environment. Time relates to the actual or specific time in history that impacts on Pacific people and context relates to the meaning of health for that particular person (Manukau Institute of Technology, 2013). Pacific models like the Fonofale model is important to consider when providing nursing care to Pacific people to establish empathy and rapport between the client and nurse. It also helps to acknowledge cultural differences and to demonstrate respect and appreciation. By acknowledging the different components of the Fonofale model this will provide nurses the tools that are culturally appropriate and effective for Pacific peoples in order to improve and maintain their holistic health and well being (Ministry of Health, 2008). The Popao is a canoe that Pacific elders use for fishing and travelling – the Popao model is portrayed by the concept of relationship, connectedness and working together as a unity in which is fundamental to the health and well being of the Pacific people. Auckland has the largest Pacific population in the world. There is diversity within the Pacific Population living in Aotearoa. Each Paci? c nation has its own set of cultural beliefs, customs, languages, values and traditions. However, there are also differences within each Pacific community Therefore it is of great significance to understand the Pacific models as it can enhance nursing care (Ellis, 2007). As clinicians, an awareness of the context of where Pacific People have come from gives nurses advantage of how to approach nursing care for clients. By understanding the complexities of the Pacific population in this country, helps gives nurses a wider context in which Pacific worldview is applied and its influences. With these models, nurses practice will be enhanced by practicing in a culturally safe manner and cultural competency. Nurses should also carry out important values such as alofa (love), faaloalo (respect – foundation for good relationships), usitai (obedience), and faamaualalo (humility – not putting yourself above others) to name a few. The Va is a term defining space between. All relationships especially the one between the client and nurse are sacred. One can violate that Va (relationship) by practicing in a manner that is not client focussed. As nurses it is our duty to be culturally aware and sensitive in order to enhance nursing practice (Manukau Institute of Technology, 2013). The Fonofale model was used as an assessment tool to assess the chosen client nam ed Ana (pseudonym). With the permission of the preceptor accessing Anas notes was critical to gain insight to her scenario. Bridging the ‘Va’ and creating a meaningful relationship with Ana was important. This was carried out by visiting Ana three times prior to asking for consent to interview her, greeting Ana in her language (Tongan) and speaking some Tongan phrases. Active listening was also used and being non-judgemental. Therapeutic relationship was built with Ana by developing a sense of trust and rapport from her. Rapport is often increased by the use of humour, informality and simple language. In the beginning of the interview a prayer was said to sanctify and set apart the conversation that was about to be made. Also prior to assessing Ana, I also shared some information about myself and some significant events in my life which also contributed to bridging the ‘Va’ between Ana and me (Culbertson, 2007). Ana is a 26 year old Tongan lady who was born in New Zealand and lives with her parents. Her parents migrated from Tonga in the 1980s to New Zealand for economic reasons and hoping to raise their children with better education. Ana has no other siblings but her extended family are very much involved in her life. Ana attended church but was not involved in church activities. She also had successfully completed one year in business studies and had started her second year of study. According to Anas clinical notes she was physically in good health, having no medical problems of any type. The Tongan culture including beliefs, values and traditions play an important part of Anas health and wellbeing. Ofa (Love), tokai (respect), talangofua (obedience) and fakatokilalo (humility) which is making ones self lower than others, are some of the values that are significant in the Tongan culture ( Toafa Moata’ane, 2001). Anas first presentation of mental illness was in March 2011. Anas family noted deterioration in her mental state over the past ten days. They stated that Ana paced herself around the house, became paranoid that someone was out to get her, talked to herself, was agitated and even isolated herself. She also attempted to leave the house in which it took six family members to restraint her. Ana claimed to see devils and felt that God was working through her and had a mission to save the world. She also stated that her brothers were Prince William and Prince Harry. Anas cousin contacted the mental health line and she was then referred to a community mental health service. Ana had a psychotic episode which resolved quickly with medication. She was diagnosed with Schizo affective disorder with elevated mood and the initial plan was to continue taking medication with a iew to slowly decrease it and to continue her normal routine (Herrmann, 2005). Medications that have been prescribed for Ana was olanzapine 10mg daily which is an antipsychotic drug that is used to relieve psychotic symptoms. Some of olanzapines side effects include weight gain and sedation causing one to feel calm and often sleepy. Epilim 500mg (daily) was also prescribed for her, which is a mood stabilizer. Ana appeared to have an elevated mood so Epilim helped her to feel a more relaxed feeling, have less racing thoughts, and a big decrease in impulsiveness. Some of Epilims side effects include increase in appetite, temporary hair loss and diarrhoea (Elder, Evans Nizette, 2005). At the time of assessment Ana was pleasant, polite and cooperative in interactions. She was reasonably groomed and dressed appropriately. Her mood appeared to be euthymic with a pleasant and reactive affect. Ana denied any hallucinations, paranoia and denied hearing any voices. She appeared to be alert and orientated to time, place and person. Her memory appeared intact, but however had little insight to her illness. Her speech was relevant to the topic of discussion. Ana was not attending course anymore, was currently unemployed and on the sickness benefit (Manukau Institute of Technology, 2013). Concerns that are leading to Anas slow recovery in her mental illness include non-compliance. Ana has had three relapses in the past three years and had again deteriorated in her mental state all because she was reluctant to take her medication because it caused her to increase in weight. This relapse caused Ana to shoplift at the shops nearby, which may very well be part of her disorganized thought process. A major concern with increase in weight is that Ana is more prone to other health diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and high cholesterol. Therefore it is crucial to have ongoing assessment to monitor and prevent any major health problems. The doctor then decided to stop the olanzapine in July 2012 and prescribed risperidone 3mg (daily) which is another antipsychotic for a week then have intramuscular injections of risperdal consta 37. 5mg (fortnightly). One of Anas goals was to try and lose 20kg by the end of the year. Losing the weight will help to boost her self esteem and self image (Elder et al. 2005). Stigma is another concern and is defined by a mark of shame, guilt and inferiority that a person may carry from having mental illness and negative views from others, otherwise known as prejudice. Most Tongans have negative attitudes towards people with mental illness such as thinking they are fakasesele (crazy), broke a taboo (something sacred) or are possessed by the devil. Tongan families often attempt to conceal members who may be afflicted. Ana is the only child in the family and being a female her worth is of great value. In the Tongan culture, women are ranked higher than males. Anas parents stated that she is â€Å"the pearl of the family†. For Tongans including her parents, they prefer Tongan Healers and believe that taking medications and going to the hospital is the last resort. The lack of insight and support from Ana’s family contributed to her relapses (Peterson, Barnes Duncan, 2008). Ana and her parents have certain disagreements in regards to health because Ana was born and raised in New Zealand (an environment where almost everything is westernized), compared to her parents who were from the Tonga. The family denied that Ana had mental illness they sought help from Traditional Healers. Her parents believed that it is avanga or spirit possessed. So the Traditional Healers put green leaves in her eyes and throat. This treatment was carried out four times until Ana refused it completely; she said that â€Å"it burnt† and preferred the medications. Pacific cultures do not have words that translate easily into mental illness. It is considered to be conjoined from the overall wellbeing of the body, soul and spirit. The traditional Paci? belief related to mental health is that disturbed behaviour is a manifestation of an external spiritual force, especially ancestral spirits who have taken possession of the person because the person or the person’s family have broken a certain custom or offended the spirits in some way (Toafa Moata’ane, 2001). The more relapses Ana has, the more difficult it is to help her in her recovery process. The plan is for the nurse to carry out psycho education continuously for Ana and her family about her illness and educate them on the medication that she is taking, its side effects and why she needs it. The Tongan peer support service (PSS) will also be involved. This is a person who has experienced mental illness and is able to help clients like Ana to break the stigma and walk alongside Ana’s journey with mental illness. Psycho education and involving Ana’s family is extremely crucial to Ana’s recovery process. The expected goal is for Ana and her family to have a good understanding of her illness that is Schizo affective disorder and to be accepting and supportive in Anas recovery process (Ross, 2009).

Free Essays on Montgomery

Montgomery After reading â€Å"Montgomery County Taketh Away† by Reynolds Williams, I learned that it was a very strong argument between two different opinions that people had. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, [that they are born with the right to] Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†. This quote allows and argument to take place considering it is in the constitution. One side of the argument is that the public schools do not give the teacher and the fifth graders what they need. The students will not have the potential to understand what the history of America is actually saying in the constitution. The other side of the argument is about what the quote actually said, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. In this statement, it tells that not all people may have the same rights as many people do. The fifth graders would never hear this quote because of slavery. The citizens who fight this on this side of the argument believe that the students should hear the truth and correct quote so they know the actual history of America that all the citizens had to live in. My point of view is simple. I believe that all the students should know what really happened in America. The quote should not be â€Å"sugar coated† for fifth graders to read, but instead they should see the quote and talk about how much America has changed from when it was first written. The students should learn from the teacher why America used this quote and what the quote means. This debate is mostly about rights and who had them and who did not. Also the students should learn why we had slavery which could be taught after reading this particular quote. I personally believe that I am an activist because the constitution needs to change as Americ... Free Essays on Montgomery Free Essays on Montgomery Montgomery After reading â€Å"Montgomery County Taketh Away† by Reynolds Williams, I learned that it was a very strong argument between two different opinions that people had. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, [that they are born with the right to] Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†. This quote allows and argument to take place considering it is in the constitution. One side of the argument is that the public schools do not give the teacher and the fifth graders what they need. The students will not have the potential to understand what the history of America is actually saying in the constitution. The other side of the argument is about what the quote actually said, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. In this statement, it tells that not all people may have the same rights as many people do. The fifth graders would never hear this quote because of slavery. The citizens who fight this on this side of the argument believe that the students should hear the truth and correct quote so they know the actual history of America that all the citizens had to live in. My point of view is simple. I believe that all the students should know what really happened in America. The quote should not be â€Å"sugar coated† for fifth graders to read, but instead they should see the quote and talk about how much America has changed from when it was first written. The students should learn from the teacher why America used this quote and what the quote means. This debate is mostly about rights and who had them and who did not. Also the students should learn why we had slavery which could be taught after reading this particular quote. I personally believe that I am an activist because the constitution needs to change as Americ...

Free Essays on Montgomery

Montgomery After reading â€Å"Montgomery County Taketh Away† by Reynolds Williams, I learned that it was a very strong argument between two different opinions that people had. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, [that they are born with the right to] Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†. This quote allows and argument to take place considering it is in the constitution. One side of the argument is that the public schools do not give the teacher and the fifth graders what they need. The students will not have the potential to understand what the history of America is actually saying in the constitution. The other side of the argument is about what the quote actually said, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. In this statement, it tells that not all people may have the same rights as many people do. The fifth graders would never hear this quote because of slavery. The citizens who fight this on this side of the argument believe that the students should hear the truth and correct quote so they know the actual history of America that all the citizens had to live in. My point of view is simple. I believe that all the students should know what really happened in America. The quote should not be â€Å"sugar coated† for fifth graders to read, but instead they should see the quote and talk about how much America has changed from when it was first written. The students should learn from the teacher why America used this quote and what the quote means. This debate is mostly about rights and who had them and who did not. Also the students should learn why we had slavery which could be taught after reading this particular quote. I personally believe that I am an activist because the constitution needs to change as Americ... Free Essays on Montgomery Free Essays on Montgomery Montgomery After reading â€Å"Montgomery County Taketh Away† by Reynolds Williams, I learned that it was a very strong argument between two different opinions that people had. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, [that they are born with the right to] Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†. This quote allows and argument to take place considering it is in the constitution. One side of the argument is that the public schools do not give the teacher and the fifth graders what they need. The students will not have the potential to understand what the history of America is actually saying in the constitution. The other side of the argument is about what the quote actually said, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. In this statement, it tells that not all people may have the same rights as many people do. The fifth graders would never hear this quote because of slavery. The citizens who fight this on this side of the argument believe that the students should hear the truth and correct quote so they know the actual history of America that all the citizens had to live in. My point of view is simple. I believe that all the students should know what really happened in America. The quote should not be â€Å"sugar coated† for fifth graders to read, but instead they should see the quote and talk about how much America has changed from when it was first written. The students should learn from the teacher why America used this quote and what the quote means. This debate is mostly about rights and who had them and who did not. Also the students should learn why we had slavery which could be taught after reading this particular quote. I personally believe that I am an activist because the constitution needs to change as Americ...

Free Essays on Montgomery

Montgomery After reading â€Å"Montgomery County Taketh Away† by Reynolds Williams, I learned that it was a very strong argument between two different opinions that people had. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, [that they are born with the right to] Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†. This quote allows and argument to take place considering it is in the constitution. One side of the argument is that the public schools do not give the teacher and the fifth graders what they need. The students will not have the potential to understand what the history of America is actually saying in the constitution. The other side of the argument is about what the quote actually said, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. In this statement, it tells that not all people may have the same rights as many people do. The fifth graders would never hear this quote because of slavery. The citizens who fight this on this side of the argument believe that the students should hear the truth and correct quote so they know the actual history of America that all the citizens had to live in. My point of view is simple. I believe that all the students should know what really happened in America. The quote should not be â€Å"sugar coated† for fifth graders to read, but instead they should see the quote and talk about how much America has changed from when it was first written. The students should learn from the teacher why America used this quote and what the quote means. This debate is mostly about rights and who had them and who did not. Also the students should learn why we had slavery which could be taught after reading this particular quote. I personally believe that I am an activist because the constitution needs to change as Americ... Free Essays on Montgomery Free Essays on Montgomery Montgomery After reading â€Å"Montgomery County Taketh Away† by Reynolds Williams, I learned that it was a very strong argument between two different opinions that people had. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, [that they are born with the right to] Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†. This quote allows and argument to take place considering it is in the constitution. One side of the argument is that the public schools do not give the teacher and the fifth graders what they need. The students will not have the potential to understand what the history of America is actually saying in the constitution. The other side of the argument is about what the quote actually said, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. In this statement, it tells that not all people may have the same rights as many people do. The fifth graders would never hear this quote because of slavery. The citizens who fight this on this side of the argument believe that the students should hear the truth and correct quote so they know the actual history of America that all the citizens had to live in. My point of view is simple. I believe that all the students should know what really happened in America. The quote should not be â€Å"sugar coated† for fifth graders to read, but instead they should see the quote and talk about how much America has changed from when it was first written. The students should learn from the teacher why America used this quote and what the quote means. This debate is mostly about rights and who had them and who did not. Also the students should learn why we had slavery which could be taught after reading this particular quote. I personally believe that I am an activist because the constitution needs to change as Americ...

Rainbow Writing Lesson Plan for Kindergarten

Rainbow Writing Lesson Plan for Kindergarten Kindergartners have a lot of new skills to learn and practice.​​Â  Writing the alphabet and spelling words are two of the top tasks that require creativity and repetition in order for students to master. Thats where Rainbow Writing comes in. Its a fun, easy, and low-prep activity that can be done in class or assigned as homework. Heres how it works as well as how it can help your emergent writers. How Rainbow Writing Works First, you need to choose about 10-15 high-frequency sight words that are already familiar to your students.Next, make a handout on simple handwriting paper. Write each of your chosen words on the paper, one word per line. Write the letters as neatly and large as possible. Make copies of this handout.Alternatively, for older students who can already write and copy words: Write the list on your whiteboard and have the students write the words down (one per line) onto handwriting paper.To complete the Rainbow Words assignment, each student needs a piece of writing paper and 3-5 crayons (each of a different color). The student then writes over the original word in each of the crayon colors. Its similar to tracing but adds a colorful visual twist.For assessment, look for your students to mimic the original neat handwriting as closely as possible. Variations of Rainbow Writing There are a few variations of this activity. The one listed above is the most basic variation that is great for introducing words. A second variation (once students get used to tracing over a word with crayons), is for students to take a die and roll it to see how many colors they need to trace over the listed word. For example, if a child was to roll a five on the die, that would mean that they would have to choose five different colors to write over each word listed on their paper (ex. the word is and the child could use a blue, red, yellow, orange, and purple crayon to trace over the word). Another variation of the Rainbow Writing activity is for a student to choose three color crayons and write next to the listed word three times with three different colored crayons (there is no tracing in this method). This is a little bit more complex and is usually for students who have experience writing or are in an older grade. How Can it Help Emergent Writers? Rainbow Writing helps emergent writers because they are continually forming letters over and over again. Not only does it help them learn how to write but it also helps them learn how to spell the word correctly. If you have any students who are visual-spatial, kinesthetic or tactile learners then this activity is perfect for them.

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Hispanic American Diversity - Essay Example Hispanics share the heritage of the Spanish language but many do not speak Spanish at all. Among the Mexican Americans, 23 percent speak English, 26 percent are bilingual and 51 percent are Spanish dominant. The society is concerned about their immigrant status and is often confused whether their stay is legal or illegal. The Mexican Americans comprise of the affluent as well as poor peasants. They usually come from low income background and have less formal education. They have made gain in formal schooling but still lag behind most Hispanics. Family and religion are a great source of strength to the community. They have religious preference for the Catholic Church. The court of law does not provide protection for the poor, Spanish-speaking. The community has a culture of poverty as they have no future planning, no commitment to marriage and no work ethic. They prefer to adhere to their Mexican culture. As the number of Mexican Americans is growing, they have become conscious voters . Thus subgroup is politically conscious and when they did not get any response from the established politicians, they set up their own party. The Mexican Americans are eligible for dual nationality. Even if their children are born in America, they can claim Mexican nationality, although dual nationality does not give them voting rights in Mexico. They can be found in large number in New York. Puerto Ricans are English-oriented with about 39 percent being English-dominant and 40 percent of the population being bi-lingual. Only 21 percent of the Puerto Ricans are Spanish-dominant. This subgroup too, is challenged by the immigrant officials but they have the same voting rights as other Americans. Puerto Ricans are no longer concentrated in New York but are dispersed throughout New Jersey, Illinois, Florida and California. They are more familiar with the US culture and the English language. Unemployment among the mainland Puerto Ricans is high. They have a vibrant

Current censorship of internet in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Current censorship of internet in China - Essay Example This essay analyses the process of media filtering in China that is by far the only country that is practicing the process very extensively. Unlike many countries, the internet censorship in China is carried out at multiple levels to ensure that no unfavorable information reaches the users through internet. The major reason behind China’s severe censorship is that unlike other countries that have been aiming at a single objectionable area to be blocked, China has listed a number of issues ranging from political to moral as objectionable and required to be censored. Internet censorship in China has its roots inveterate in times before the invention of internet. Every form of media has been censored through it various stages. Although internet censorship has its existence in almost all the states within which internet is accessible to a common man, the role of censorship in authoritarian states like China and Saudi Arabia has an increasing importance. It is because of the fact t hat the internet provides the nongovernmental organizations and citizens to reach out to the global communities, arrange global activities, express their ideas and obtain the non-conservative ideas of the non-Chinese. Since such activities pose a direct threat to the government of China, there is a continuous monitoring of internet usage and filtering of certain material from the internet to maintain the eroding governmental control. The content that is available online is censored on the basis of the ideas and thoughts expressed in them.